# Sources — AI rankings SEA-11

**Access date for every row:** 2026-10-04  
**Rule:** Primary page or dataset over a news rewrite. If a cell is not in the source, it is GAP.

## Capacity / readiness

| ID | Publisher | What was used | Vintage | URL |
|----|-----------|---------------|---------|-----|
| OI-2025 | Oxford Insights | Government AI Readiness Index 2025. 195 governments. Methodology revised this edition. Direct PDF/xlsx blocked by SiteGround captcha. Scores and ranks taken from Nations Inquiry’s republication, which cites publisher file `2025-Government-AI-Readiness-Index-data-1.xlsx` and says values were not recalculated. | 2025 edition (Nations Inquiry read the publisher file 2026-09-06) | https://oxfordinsights.com/ai-readiness/government-ai-readiness-index-2025/ · https://nationsinquiry.com/datasets/ai-readiness/2025/data.csv · publisher xlsx https://oxfordinsights.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/2025-Government-AI-Readiness-Index-data-1.xlsx |
| OI-2024 | Oxford Insights | Government AI Readiness Index 2024. 188 countries. Prior methodology. Scores stored at 2 d.p. (Singapore 84.25 matches the 2024 PDF snippet). | 2024 | https://nationsinquiry.com/datasets/ai-readiness/2024/data.csv · https://oxfordinsights.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/2024-GAIRI-data.xlsx |
| IMF-AIPI | IMF | DataMapper `AI_PI`, `DI`, `HCLMP`, `IEI`, `RE`. All 11 ISO3 codes present. Note: preparedness as of 2023; AIPI is the simple average of four dimensions. | 2023 (API last-modified dates in June 2024; note revision 23 Dec 2024) | https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/api/v1/AI_PI · https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/AIPINote.pdf |
| TORTOISE | Tortoise Media | Global AI Index, 5th edition. Methodology PDF (Sep 2024): 83 countries, 122 indicators, pillars Implementation 30 / Innovation 40 / Investment 30. Sub-pillar ranks from Flourish visualisation 19421724 (`GAII 5.0 \| Radar Dynamic`, published 2025-08-13). Singapore overall rank 3 from Tortoise’s own story caption. No 2025/2026 edition found. | Published 19 Sep 2024 | https://www.tortoisemedia.com/data/global-ai · https://www.tortoisemedia.com/2024/09/19/the-global-artificial-intelligence-index-2024 · methodology https://www.tortoisemedia.com/_app/immutable/assets/AI-Methodology-2409.BGTLUPC-.pdf · data https://public.flourish.studio/visualisation/19421724/visualisation.json |

## Infrastructure

| ID | Publisher | What was used | Vintage | URL |
|----|-----------|---------------|---------|-----|
| TORTOISE-INFRA | Tortoise Media | Infrastructure sub-pillar **rank** only (supercomputers, connectivity, semiconductors, cited GPU use). Not a MW census. | 2024 edition | same Flourish file as above |
| IMF-DI | IMF | `DI` component share inside AIPI. Digital infrastructure, not data-center capacity. | 2023 | https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/api/v1/DI |
| WB-GTMI | World Bank | GovTech Maturity Index overall score (`GT_GTMI_OVRL`) and group. **Not an AI index.** Brief Table 1 for groups, including survey non-response asterisks. | 2025 (2022 also in the file, not used as the headline) | https://data360files.worldbank.org/data360-data/data/WB_GTMI/WB_GTMI_WIDEF.csv · https://thedocs.worldbank.org/en/doc/6c6039890ded13838f604eff31f3aa88-0350092025/original/2025-GTMI-Brief.pdf |

Not used, on purpose: data-center portfolio press releases, estimated GW or GPU counts, ITU series (not pulled).

## Governance and policies

| ID | Publisher | What was used | Vintage | URL |
|----|-----------|---------------|---------|-----|
| ASEAN-GUIDE | ASEAN | Guide on AI Governance and Ethics. Seven principles in the contents. Voluntary guide. | 2024 (PDF path Feb 2024) | https://asean.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/ASEAN-Guide-on-AI-Governance-and-Ethics_beautified_201223_v2.pdf |
| ASEAN-GENAI | ASEAN | Expanded Guide on AI Governance and Ethics — Generative AI. Supplements the 2024 guide. | 2025 | https://asean.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/Expanded-ASEAN-Guide-on-AI-Governance-and-Ethics-Generative-AI.pdf |
| ASEAN-ROADMAP | ASEAN / USAID-supported PDF on asean.org | Responsible AI Roadmap. Years 2025–2030 taken from the AI Safe declaration that cites it. PDF carries a USAID/DAI disclaimer. | 2025–2030 | https://asean.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/ASEAN-Responsible-AI-Roadmap-Final.docx.pdf |
| ASEAN-SAFE | ASEAN | Declaration establishing the ASEAN AI Safety Network. Adopted 26 Oct 2025, 47th ASEAN Summit, Kuala Lumpur. Notes Fifth ADGMIN expanded the Working Group on AI Governance. | 26 Oct 2025 | https://asean.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/11.-Declaration-on-the-Establishment-of-an-ASEAN-AI-Safe.pdf |
| SGP-NAIS | Ministry of Digital Development and Information, Singapore | Factsheet: NAIS 2.0 launched Dec 2023; update announced 20 May 2026; National AI Council Feb 2026; NAIRD update Jan 2026; over S$1 billion for 2025–2030. | Factsheet 20 May 2026 | https://www.mddi.gov.sg/newsroom/update-to-singapore-s-national-ai-strategy--refreshed-priorities-to-harness-ai-for-the-public-good-factsheet/ |
| MYS-NAIO | MyDIGITAL / Ministry of Digital, Malaysia | NAIO inaugurated 12 Dec 2024; Cabinet approval 28 Aug 2024. | 2024 | https://www.mydigital.gov.my/malaysia-launches-national-ai-office-naio/ |
| IDN-STRANAS | OECD.AI policy observatory (national contact) | Stranas KA 2020–2045, status Active, updated 25 Dec 2025. Same page lists the 2025–2029 roadmap white paper. | Strategy 2020; observatory update 2025 | https://oecd.ai/en/dashboards/policy-initiatives/national-ai-strategy-4627 |
| THA-PLAN | AI Thailand (national programme site) | National AI strategy and action plan 2022–2027. Cabinet 26 July 2022. | 2022 | https://www.ai.in.th/en/about-ai-thailand/ |
| VNM-LAW | Công báo, Government of Vietnam | Law 134/2025/QH15, Luật Trí tuệ nhân tạo. Issued 10 Dec 2025. Effective 1 Mar 2026. | 2025 / in force 2026 | https://congbao.chinhphu.vn/van-ban/luat-so-134-2025-qh15-468694.htm |
| PHL-NAISR | NAISR 2.0 site (DTI / CAIR) | Roadmap 2.0 launched 3 July 2024. First roadmap May 2021. | 2024 | https://naisr.cair.ph/historical-context/ |
| BRN-AITI | AITI, Brunei | Guide on AI Governance and Ethics. Copyright 2024. | 2024 | https://www.aiti.gov.bn/guide-books/guide-on-ai-governance-and-ethics-for-brunei-darussalam/ |
| BRN-DATA | Digital Brunei | Data & AI Strategy page. Year not stated. | page live; year GAP | https://digitalbrunei.bn/digital-brunei-transformation-plan/data-ai-strategy/ |

## Skills / talent and Stanford

| ID | Publisher | What was used | Vintage | URL |
|----|-----------|---------------|---------|-----|
| TORTOISE-TALENT | Tortoise Media | Talent sub-pillar rank only. Inputs include Zeki, LinkedIn, GitHub, Coursera Global Skills Index, Stack Exchange. It is a sub-pillar of GAII, not a second index to add to the overall rank. | 2024 | Flourish file above; methodology PDF above |
| HAI-2026 | Stanford HAI | AI Index Report 2026, chapter 9 public opinion. Trust in government to regulate AI: Singapore 81%, Indonesia 76%, Malaysia 73%, Thailand 70%. Global average in the same passage 54%. | 2026 | https://hai.stanford.edu/assets/files/ai_index_report_2026_chapter_9_public_opinion.pdf · https://hai.stanford.edu/ai-index/2026-ai-index-report |
| COURSERA | Coursera | Global Skills Report 2025 read for methodology only. **Not used as a score**, because the AI Maturity Index blends IMF AIPI. 2026 synergy index also blends Oxford 2025. | 2025 / 2026 | https://assets.ctfassets.net/2pudprfttvy6/3ELFKTA8GBPBuRkNrOzmpS/24fc7ec2372d0adb96965340069f705c/Global_Skills_Report_2025.pdf |

## Not retrieved

- Oxford Insights 2025 pillar workbook (captcha).
- Tortoise overall score table (Flourish ranking visualisations returned 403).
- Stanford Global AI Vibrancy country file.
- ITU DataHub country extract.
- A named public data-center census with country counts.
- UNESCO ethics-profile scores.