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ASEAN in Data / Insight / Air quality & pollution
Insight / Air quality & pollution

Cleaner air is not lower carbon

PM2.5 is not a CO2 rank. MMR 2023 mean exposure highest 35.1 μg/m³; BN lowest 7.6 but highest CO2e/capita 20.2 t. ID largest tonnes (812 Mt) at 2.87 t/person. PH mid-pack PM2.5 22.2 among five peers; lowest of five on CO2e/capita 1.50 (vs ID 2.87, TH 3.96, VN 4.27, MY 8.32).

2023

Particulate exposure

National mean exposure retains its source vintage.

Mean PM2.5 exposure

2023
EconomyValueVintage
Brunei7.569222942859592023
Cambodia19.42620687868412023
Indonesia20.84446421202492023
Laos25.97628999793832023
Malaysia15.86501424328272023
Myanmar35.06652846562192023
Philippines22.20530037536712023
Singaporehub15.14273002613592023
Thailand23.48707430162582023
Vietnam24.78454791003132023
Timor-Leste11.98743985874912023

World Bank WDI EN.ATM.PM25.MC.M3 (IHME GBD 2023 air pollution exposure)

2017

WHO-guideline exceedance

The historical exceedance share uses the stated threshold and vintage.

Population above WHO guideline

2017
EconomyValueVintage
Brunei02017
Cambodia1002017
Indonesia95.56714726106272017
Laos1002017
Malaysia90.5373438067252017
Myanmar1002017
Philippines96.37065876509222017
Singaporehub1002017
Thailand1002017
Vietnam1002017
Timor-Leste1002017

World Bank WDI EN.ATM.PM25.MC.ZS (IHME GBD 2017)

2024

Carbon emissions

Per-capita and total emissions remain distinct scale stories.

CO2e per capita

2024
EconomyValueVintage
Brunei20.24265161944242024
Cambodia1.102070373150652024
Indonesia2.865039781887582024
Laos3.354350982950832024
Malaysia8.323216201465152024
Myanmar0.5754632593182282024
Philippines1.50301091117022024
Singaporehub9.751443631291762024
Thailand3.960052693523192024
Vietnam4.266056754681952024
Timor-Leste0.4993438704361872024

World Bank WDI EN.GHG.CO2.PC.CE.AR5 (EDGAR / JRC + IEA)

Total CO2e

2024
EconomyValueVintage
Brunei9.36672024
Cambodia19.43922024
Indonesia812.20422024
Laos26.06272024
Malaysia295.95422024
Myanmar31.36282024
Philippines174.11432024
Singaporehub58.86812024
Thailand283.80912024
Vietnam430.81922024
Timor-Leste0.69942024

World Bank WDI EN.GHG.CO2.MT.CE.AR5 (EDGAR / JRC + IEA)

Mixed vintages

Fossil electricity

Electricity share is not total final energy consumption.

Fossil-fuel electricity share

Mixed vintages
EconomyValueVintage
Brunei99.8750446269192022
Cambodia35.1907536177412022
Indonesia84.01744105569142023
Laos23.86588544218222022
Malaysia81.5689436085812022
Myanmar55.8562004015682022
Philippines77.8648612294312022
Singaporehub94.99593657600332023
Thailand80.43578028433312023
Vietnam50.90226325538322022
Timor-Leste99.62855297157622021

World Bank WDI EG.ELC.FOSL.ZS (IEA)

Mixed vintages

Fossil-energy gap

The unreliable total-energy series remains visibly empty.

Fossil-fuel energy share

Mixed vintages
EconomyValueVintage
BruneiGAPGAP
CambodiaGAPGAP
IndonesiaGAPGAP
LaosGAPGAP
MalaysiaGAPGAP
MyanmarGAPGAP
PhilippinesGAPGAP
SingaporehubGAPGAP
ThailandGAPGAP
VietnamGAPGAP
Timor-LesteGAPGAP

World Bank WDI EG.USE.COMM.FO.ZS (IEA) — series broken

Every frame preserves its own unit and vintage. Empty cells are shown as GAP, never zero.

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ASEAN in Data (2026). Air quality & pollution. /insights/air-quality

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