ASEAN in Data.
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Macro / Currencies & FX

Currencies & FX

SEA-11 exchange-rate regimes, bilateral dollar rates, and BIS real effective rates, kept as separate panels. REER exists only for Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand. No Singapore policy rate. Read the insight →
2023

Exchange-rate regimes

AREAER de facto classifications and anchors.

Regime

label

2023
EconomyValueVintage
Bruneicurrency_board2023
Cambodiacrawl_like2023
Indonesiafloating2023
Laosother_managed2023
Malaysiafloating2023
Myanmarstabilized2023
Philippinesfloating2023
Singaporehubcrawl_like2023
Thailandfloating2023
Vietnamstabilized2023
Timor-Lesteno_separate_legal_tender2023

IMF AREAER 2023 Table 4 (de facto as of 30 Apr 2023)

Anchor

label

2023
EconomyValueVintage
BruneiSGD2023
CambodiaUSD2023
Indonesianone2023
Laosother2023
Malaysianone2023
MyanmarUSD2023
Philippinesnone2023
Singaporehubcomposite2023
Thailandnone2023
Vietnamcomposite2023
Timor-LesteUSD2023

IMF AREAER 2023 Table 4 / overview (monetary / FX anchor)

Regime detail

text

2023
EconomyValueVintage
BruneiCurrency board vs SGD; Currency Interchangeability Agreement with Singapore2023
CambodiaAREAER de facto crawl-like (from stabilized, Mar 2022); USD exchange-rate anchor column2023
IndonesiaAREAER floating; inflation-targeting monetary framework2023
LaosAREAER other managed (Mar 2022); Other monetary framework2023
MalaysiaAREAER floating; Other monetary framework (not listed under inflation-targeting in Table 4)2023
MyanmarAREAER stabilized (from other managed); de facto USD anchor (fn4); monetary aggregate framework; conflict-era caveat2023
PhilippinesAREAER floating; inflation-targeting monetary framework2023
SingaporehubAREAER crawl-like (retroactive Dec 2021, fn8); anchored to S$NEER / composite; MAS exchange-rate centred2023
ThailandAREAER floating; inflation-targeting monetary framework2023
VietnamAREAER stabilized (Oct 2022); anchors to broader reference basket; dong may fluctuate within ±5% daily band vs USD (AREAER overview)2023
Timor-LesteAREAER no separate legal tender; US dollar is legal tender2023

IMF AREAER 2023

Mixed vintages

Bilateral dollar rates

Local-currency units per US dollar, with observation vintages attached.

BIS monthly bilateral rate

LCU_per_USD

Mixed vintages
EconomyValueVintage
Brunei1.276792026
Cambodia4039.12026
Indonesia17805.012026
Laos22007.22026
Malaysia4.0650232026
Myanmar2100.02024
Philippines61.44512026
Singaporehub1.2762832026
Thailand33.01162026
Vietnam25168.42026
Timor-Leste1.02025

BIS bilateral exchange rates (WS_XRU) monthly average

WDI annual bilateral rate

LCU_per_USD

Mixed vintages
EconomyValueVintage
Brunei1.3075952025
Cambodia4013.432025
Indonesia16477.872025
Laos20167.332024
Malaysia4.2844242025
Myanmar1381.622020
Philippines57.50512025
Singaporehub1.307452025
Thailand32.88282025
Vietnam24164.892024
Timor-Leste12025

World Bank WDI PA.NUS.FCRF

2026

Effective exchange rates

BIS real and nominal effective exchange-rate indexes on their own frames.

Real effective exchange rate

index_2020=100

2026
EconomyValueVintage
BruneiGAP2026
CambodiaGAP2026
Indonesia87.772026
LaosGAP2026
Malaysia105.042026
MyanmarGAP2026
Philippines97.042026
Singaporehub114.812026
Thailand98.182026
VietnamGAP2026
Timor-LesteGAP2026

BIS WS_EER (no series for this REF_AREA in broad basket)

Nominal effective exchange rate

index_2020=100

2026
EconomyValueVintage
BruneiGAP2026
CambodiaGAP2026
Indonesia86.232026
LaosGAP2026
Malaysia109.442026
MyanmarGAP2026
Philippines87.472026
Singaporehub114.032026
Thailand103.632026
VietnamGAP2026
Timor-LesteGAP2026

BIS WS_EER (no series for this REF_AREA in broad basket)

Mixed vintages

Year-on-year moves

Bilateral, real-effective, and nominal-effective changes remain distinct.

Bilateral dollar-rate change

%

Mixed vintages
EconomyValueVintage
Brunei-0.682026
Cambodia0.72026
Indonesia9.182026
Laos7.992026
Malaysia-3.832026
MyanmarGAP2024
Philippines7.552026
Singaporehub-0.732026
Thailand1.72026
Vietnam0.632026
Timor-LesteGAP2025

Derived: ((LCU/USD_t / LCU/USD_t-12) - 1) * 100 from same BIS WS_XRU A series

Real effective-rate change

%

2026
EconomyValueVintage
BruneiGAPGAP
CambodiaGAPGAP
Indonesia-8.622026
LaosGAPGAP
Malaysia3.362026
MyanmarGAPGAP
Philippines-3.352026
Singaporehub0.682026
Thailand-1.492026
VietnamGAPGAP
Timor-LesteGAPGAP

Derived from same BIS WS_EER REER broad series

Nominal effective-rate change

%

2026
EconomyValueVintage
BruneiGAPGAP
CambodiaGAPGAP
Indonesia-9.552026
LaosGAPGAP
Malaysia3.982026
MyanmarGAPGAP
Philippines-6.872026
Singaporehub0.892026
Thailand-1.732026
VietnamGAPGAP
Timor-LesteGAPGAP

Derived from same BIS WS_EER NEER broad series

Every frame preserves its own unit and vintage. Empty cells are shown as GAP, never zero.

Methods & reading notes

Panels retain the pack’s definitions, coverage, units, and vintages. Companion measures are not combined into a score or shared axis.

Pack definitions · Gaps and methodology · Provenance

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ASEAN in Data (2026). Currencies & FX. /topics/currencies-fx

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