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ASEAN in Data / Risk / Air quality & pollution
Risk / Air quality & pollution

Air quality & pollution

National PM2.5, 2017 WHO-exceedance share, EDGAR CO2e — separate. Read the insight →
2023

Particulate exposure

National mean exposure retains its source vintage.

Mean PM2.5 exposure

2023
EconomyValueVintage
Brunei7.569222942859592023
Cambodia19.42620687868412023
Indonesia20.84446421202492023
Laos25.97628999793832023
Malaysia15.86501424328272023
Myanmar35.06652846562192023
Philippines22.20530037536712023
Singaporehub15.14273002613592023
Thailand23.48707430162582023
Vietnam24.78454791003132023
Timor-Leste11.98743985874912023

World Bank WDI EN.ATM.PM25.MC.M3 (IHME GBD 2023 air pollution exposure)

2017

WHO-guideline exceedance

The historical exceedance share uses the stated threshold and vintage.

Population above WHO guideline

2017
EconomyValueVintage
Brunei02017
Cambodia1002017
Indonesia95.56714726106272017
Laos1002017
Malaysia90.5373438067252017
Myanmar1002017
Philippines96.37065876509222017
Singaporehub1002017
Thailand1002017
Vietnam1002017
Timor-Leste1002017

World Bank WDI EN.ATM.PM25.MC.ZS (IHME GBD 2017)

2024

Carbon emissions

Per-capita and total emissions remain distinct scale stories.

CO2e per capita

2024
EconomyValueVintage
Brunei20.24265161944242024
Cambodia1.102070373150652024
Indonesia2.865039781887582024
Laos3.354350982950832024
Malaysia8.323216201465152024
Myanmar0.5754632593182282024
Philippines1.50301091117022024
Singaporehub9.751443631291762024
Thailand3.960052693523192024
Vietnam4.266056754681952024
Timor-Leste0.4993438704361872024

World Bank WDI EN.GHG.CO2.PC.CE.AR5 (EDGAR / JRC + IEA)

Total CO2e

2024
EconomyValueVintage
Brunei9.36672024
Cambodia19.43922024
Indonesia812.20422024
Laos26.06272024
Malaysia295.95422024
Myanmar31.36282024
Philippines174.11432024
Singaporehub58.86812024
Thailand283.80912024
Vietnam430.81922024
Timor-Leste0.69942024

World Bank WDI EN.GHG.CO2.MT.CE.AR5 (EDGAR / JRC + IEA)

Mixed vintages

Fossil electricity

Electricity share is not total final energy consumption.

Fossil-fuel electricity share

Mixed vintages
EconomyValueVintage
Brunei99.8750446269192022
Cambodia35.1907536177412022
Indonesia84.01744105569142023
Laos23.86588544218222022
Malaysia81.5689436085812022
Myanmar55.8562004015682022
Philippines77.8648612294312022
Singaporehub94.99593657600332023
Thailand80.43578028433312023
Vietnam50.90226325538322022
Timor-Leste99.62855297157622021

World Bank WDI EG.ELC.FOSL.ZS (IEA)

Mixed vintages

Fossil-energy gap

The unreliable total-energy series remains visibly empty.

Fossil-fuel energy share

Mixed vintages
EconomyValueVintage
BruneiGAPGAP
CambodiaGAPGAP
IndonesiaGAPGAP
LaosGAPGAP
MalaysiaGAPGAP
MyanmarGAPGAP
PhilippinesGAPGAP
SingaporehubGAPGAP
ThailandGAPGAP
VietnamGAPGAP
Timor-LesteGAPGAP

World Bank WDI EG.USE.COMM.FO.ZS (IEA) — series broken

Every frame preserves its own unit and vintage. Empty cells are shown as GAP, never zero.

Methods & reading notes

Panels retain the pack’s definitions, coverage, units, and vintages. Companion measures are not combined into a score or shared axis.

Pack definitions · Gaps and methodology · Provenance

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ASEAN in Data (2026). Air quality & pollution. /topics/air-quality

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