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Investment / Agriculture & food

Agriculture & food

Agricultural output, employment, yields, and food-security measures across the SEA-11. Read the insight →
Separate frameworks · mixed vintages

Employment in agriculture

Modelled ILO employment estimates via WDI. Agriculture’s employment share is distinct from its share of value added.

% of total employment

WDI · modelled ILO · MIXED VINTAGES

SEA-11 · Singapore is regional context, outside the peer five. Each panel retains its own definition and observation years. Scales stay fixed when filtering.

Employment in agriculture: source, year and as_of by country
Country% of total employment
0100
YearSource & notes
Laos68.62025
World Bank WDI SL.AGR.EMPL.ZS (modeled ILO estimate) · year 2025 · as_of 2026-09-06
Observation notes

Highest agr employment share in SEA-11 on modeled ILO series (68.6%).

Original CSV value: 68.6.

Timor-Leste46.02025
World Bank WDI SL.AGR.EMPL.ZS (modeled ILO estimate) · year 2025 · as_of 2026-09-06
Observation notes

Modeled ILO estimate via WDI. Cross-country comparable; may diverge from national LFS.

Original CSV value: 46.0.

MyanmarConflict / reporting caveat45.02025
World Bank WDI SL.AGR.EMPL.ZS (modeled ILO estimate) · year 2025 · as_of 2026-09-06
Observation notes

Modeled ILO estimate via WDI. Cross-country comparable; may diverge from national LFS.

Original CSV value: 45.0.

Cambodia33.42025
World Bank WDI SL.AGR.EMPL.ZS (modeled ILO estimate) · year 2025 · as_of 2026-09-06
Observation notes

Modeled ILO estimate via WDI. Cross-country comparable; may diverge from national LFS.

Original CSV value: 33.4.

Thailand28.62025
World Bank WDI SL.AGR.EMPL.ZS (modeled ILO estimate) · year 2025 · as_of 2026-09-06
Observation notes

Modeled ILO estimate via WDI. Cross-country comparable; may diverge from national LFS.

Original CSV value: 28.6.

Indonesia27.32025
World Bank WDI SL.AGR.EMPL.ZS (modeled ILO estimate) · year 2025 · as_of 2026-09-06
Observation notes

Modeled ILO estimate via WDI. Cross-country comparable; may diverge from national LFS.

Original CSV value: 27.3.

Vietnam25.02025
World Bank WDI SL.AGR.EMPL.ZS (modeled ILO estimate) · year 2025 · as_of 2026-09-06
Observation notes

Modeled ILO estimate via WDI. Cross-country comparable; may diverge from national LFS.

Original CSV value: 25.0.

Philippines20.52025
World Bank WDI SL.AGR.EMPL.ZS (modeled ILO estimate) · year 2025 · as_of 2026-09-06
Observation notes

Modeled ILO estimate via WDI. Cross-country comparable; may diverge from national LFS.

Original CSV value: 20.5.

Malaysia9.22025
World Bank WDI SL.AGR.EMPL.ZS (modeled ILO estimate) · year 2025 · as_of 2026-09-06
Observation notes

Modeled ILO estimate via WDI. Cross-country comparable; may diverge from national LFS.

Original CSV value: 9.2.

Brunei1.22025
World Bank WDI SL.AGR.EMPL.ZS (modeled ILO estimate) · year 2025 · as_of 2026-09-06
Observation notes

Modeled ILO estimate via WDI. Cross-country comparable; may diverge from national LFS.

Original CSV value: 1.2.

Singapore0.12025
World Bank WDI SL.AGR.EMPL.ZS (modeled ILO estimate) · year 2025 · as_of 2026-09-06
Observation notes

Near-zero; city-state.

Original CSV value: 0.1.

Philippines highlighted. Bars start at zero; gaps have no bars. † identifies older observations.

Cereal yield

All cereals, not rice alone. Singapore has no observation; the gap is not zero.

kg per hectare

FAO via WDI · MIXED VINTAGES

SEA-11 · Singapore is regional context, outside the peer five. Each panel retains its own definition and observation years. Scales stay fixed when filtering.

Cereal yield: source, year and as_of by country
Countrykg per hectare
06,500
YearSource & notes
Vietnam5,9952023
World Bank WDI AG.YLD.CREL.KG (FAO) · year 2023 · as_of 2026-09-06
Observation notes

Highest cereal yield in SEA-11 on this series (rice-intensive).

Original CSV value: 5995.3.

Indonesia5,8292023
World Bank WDI AG.YLD.CREL.KG (FAO) · year 2023 · as_of 2026-09-06
Observation notes

FAO cereal yield (kg/ha) via WDI. Includes wheat, rice, maize, barley, oats, rye, millet, sorghum, buckwheat, mixed grains.

Original CSV value: 5828.8.

Laos4,1962024
World Bank WDI AG.YLD.CREL.KG (FAO) · year 2024 · as_of 2026-09-06
Observation notes

WDI year 2024 (most peers 2023).

Original CSV value: 4196.4.

Philippines3,8692023
World Bank WDI AG.YLD.CREL.KG (FAO) · year 2023 · as_of 2026-09-06
Observation notes

FAO cereal yield (kg/ha) via WDI. Includes wheat, rice, maize, barley, oats, rye, millet, sorghum, buckwheat, mixed grains.

Original CSV value: 3869.2.

MyanmarConflict / reporting caveat3,7792024
World Bank WDI AG.YLD.CREL.KG (FAO) · year 2024 · as_of 2026-09-06
Observation notes

WDI year 2024 (most peers 2023).

Original CSV value: 3779.1.

Cambodia3,7222023
World Bank WDI AG.YLD.CREL.KG (FAO) · year 2023 · as_of 2026-09-06
Observation notes

FAO cereal yield (kg/ha) via WDI. Includes wheat, rice, maize, barley, oats, rye, millet, sorghum, buckwheat, mixed grains.

Original CSV value: 3722.1.

Malaysia3,5242023
World Bank WDI AG.YLD.CREL.KG (FAO) · year 2023 · as_of 2026-09-06
Observation notes

FAO cereal yield (kg/ha) via WDI. Includes wheat, rice, maize, barley, oats, rye, millet, sorghum, buckwheat, mixed grains.

Original CSV value: 3523.7.

Thailand3,0722023
World Bank WDI AG.YLD.CREL.KG (FAO) · year 2023 · as_of 2026-09-06
Observation notes

FAO cereal yield (kg/ha) via WDI. Includes wheat, rice, maize, barley, oats, rye, millet, sorghum, buckwheat, mixed grains.

Original CSV value: 3071.7.

Brunei2,4672023
World Bank WDI AG.YLD.CREL.KG (FAO) · year 2023 · as_of 2026-09-06
Observation notes

FAO cereal yield (kg/ha) via WDI. Includes wheat, rice, maize, barley, oats, rye, millet, sorghum, buckwheat, mixed grains.

Original CSV value: 2466.7.

Timor-Leste2,1292023
World Bank WDI AG.YLD.CREL.KG (FAO) · year 2023 · as_of 2026-09-06
Observation notes

Lowest cereal yield among seeded countries.

Original CSV value: 2129.4.

Singapore—GAP · not zero—
World Bank WDI AG.YLD.CREL.KG (FAO) · year not available · as_of 2026-09-06
Observation notes

GAP: no cereal yield in WDI/FAO for Singapore (negligible cereal area).

Original CSV value: not supplied.

Philippines highlighted. Bars start at zero; gaps have no bars. † identifies older observations.

Moderate or severe food insecurity

Experience-based food access, not a dietary-energy estimate. Timor-Leste’s 2021 observation is older than the other supplied waves; Brunei is a gap.

% of population · FIES

FAO FIES via WDI · MIXED VINTAGES

SEA-11 · Singapore is regional context, outside the peer five. Each panel retains its own definition and observation years. Scales stay fixed when filtering.

Moderate or severe food insecurity: source, year and as_of by country
Country% of population · FIES
0100
YearSource & notes
Timor-Leste53.7†2021 · OLDER
World Bank WDI SN.ITK.MSFI.ZS (FAO FIES) · year 2021 · as_of 2026-09-06
Observation notes

Stale relative to peers (2021 vs 2023); highest food insecurity in SEA-11 on this series.

Original CSV value: 53.7.

Cambodia40.02023
World Bank WDI SN.ITK.MSFI.ZS (FAO FIES) · year 2023 · as_of 2026-09-06
Observation notes

Highest among 2023-vintage countries (40.0%).

Original CSV value: 40.0.

Laos35.62023
World Bank WDI SN.ITK.MSFI.ZS (FAO FIES) · year 2023 · as_of 2026-09-06
Observation notes

FAO Food Insecurity Experience Scale (FIES) via WDI — moderate OR severe. Not the same as PoU.

Original CSV value: 35.6.

Philippines32.92023
World Bank WDI SN.ITK.MSFI.ZS (FAO FIES) · year 2023 · as_of 2026-09-06
Observation notes

FIES moderate+severe 32.9% (2023) — far above PoU 3.0%; use for access/experience narrative.

Original CSV value: 32.9.

MyanmarConflict / reporting caveat32.72023
World Bank WDI SN.ITK.MSFI.ZS (FAO FIES) · year 2023 · as_of 2026-09-06
Observation notes

FAO Food Insecurity Experience Scale (FIES) via WDI — moderate OR severe. Not the same as PoU.

Original CSV value: 32.7.

Malaysia16.72023
World Bank WDI SN.ITK.MSFI.ZS (FAO FIES) · year 2023 · as_of 2026-09-06
Observation notes

FAO Food Insecurity Experience Scale (FIES) via WDI — moderate OR severe. Not the same as PoU.

Original CSV value: 16.7.

Vietnam10.72023
World Bank WDI SN.ITK.MSFI.ZS (FAO FIES) · year 2023 · as_of 2026-09-06
Observation notes

FAO Food Insecurity Experience Scale (FIES) via WDI — moderate OR severe. Not the same as PoU.

Original CSV value: 10.7.

Singapore9.52023
World Bank WDI SN.ITK.MSFI.ZS (FAO FIES) · year 2023 · as_of 2026-09-06
Observation notes

FAO Food Insecurity Experience Scale (FIES) via WDI — moderate OR severe. Not the same as PoU.

Original CSV value: 9.5.

Thailand5.42023
World Bank WDI SN.ITK.MSFI.ZS (FAO FIES) · year 2023 · as_of 2026-09-06
Observation notes

FAO Food Insecurity Experience Scale (FIES) via WDI — moderate OR severe. Not the same as PoU.

Original CSV value: 5.4.

Indonesia4.52023
World Bank WDI SN.ITK.MSFI.ZS (FAO FIES) · year 2023 · as_of 2026-09-06
Observation notes

Lowest among large AMS on FIES mod+sev (4.5%).

Original CSV value: 4.5.

Brunei—GAP · not zero—
World Bank WDI SN.ITK.MSFI.ZS (FAO FIES) · year not available · as_of 2026-09-06
Observation notes

GAP: WDI SN.ITK.MSFI.ZS blank for Brunei in API pull.

Original CSV value: not supplied.

Philippines highlighted. Bars start at zero; gaps have no bars. † identifies older observations.

Prevalence of undernourishment

Dietary-energy modelling, kept separate from FIES. Brunei, Laos and Singapore are gaps. A threshold label is not a point estimate.

% of population · PoU

FAO PoU via WDI · MIXED VINTAGES

SEA-11 · Singapore is regional context, outside the peer five. Each panel retains its own definition and observation years. Scales stay fixed when filtering.

Prevalence of undernourishment: source, year and as_of by country
Country% of population · PoU
0100
YearSource & notes
Timor-Leste18.72023
World Bank WDI SN.ITK.DEFC.ZS (FAO) · year 2023 · as_of 2026-09-06
Observation notes

Highest undernourishment among seeded SEA-11 (18.7%).

Original CSV value: 18.7.

Indonesia6.32023
World Bank WDI SN.ITK.DEFC.ZS (FAO) · year 2023 · as_of 2026-09-06
Observation notes

FAO Prevalence of Undernourishment (PoU) via WDI. Three-year average typically centred on stated year.

Original CSV value: 6.3.

MyanmarConflict / reporting caveat5.42023
World Bank WDI SN.ITK.DEFC.ZS (FAO) · year 2023 · as_of 2026-09-06
Observation notes

FAO Prevalence of Undernourishment (PoU) via WDI. Three-year average typically centred on stated year.

Original CSV value: 5.4.

Vietnam5.32023
World Bank WDI SN.ITK.DEFC.ZS (FAO) · year 2023 · as_of 2026-09-06
Observation notes

FAO Prevalence of Undernourishment (PoU) via WDI. Three-year average typically centred on stated year.

Original CSV value: 5.3.

Cambodia5.22023
World Bank WDI SN.ITK.DEFC.ZS (FAO) · year 2023 · as_of 2026-09-06
Observation notes

FAO Prevalence of Undernourishment (PoU) via WDI. Three-year average typically centred on stated year.

Original CSV value: 5.2.

Thailand4.62023
World Bank WDI SN.ITK.DEFC.ZS (FAO) · year 2023 · as_of 2026-09-06
Observation notes

FAO Prevalence of Undernourishment (PoU) via WDI. Three-year average typically centred on stated year.

Original CSV value: 4.6.

Philippines3.02023
World Bank WDI SN.ITK.DEFC.ZS (FAO) · year 2023 · as_of 2026-09-06
Observation notes

WDI/FAO PoU 3.0% (2023) — low vs moderate/severe food insecurity 32.9% (different concept).

Original CSV value: 3.0.

Malaysia2.52023
World Bank WDI SN.ITK.DEFC.ZS (FAO) · year 2023 · as_of 2026-09-06
Observation notes

FAO Prevalence of Undernourishment (PoU) via WDI. Three-year average typically centred on stated year.

Original CSV value: 2.5.

Brunei—GAP · not zero—
World Bank WDI SN.ITK.DEFC.ZS (FAO) · year not available · as_of 2026-09-06
Observation notes

GAP: WDI blank 2010–2025. FAO often classifies high-income AMS as <2.5% — not inventable as a point estimate here.

Original CSV value: not supplied.

Laos—GAP · not zero—
World Bank WDI SN.ITK.DEFC.ZS (FAO) · year not available · as_of 2026-09-06
Observation notes

GAP: WDI SN.ITK.DEFC.ZS blank for Laos in API pull. Prefer food_insecurity_modsev_pct for LAO food-access story.

Original CSV value: not supplied.

Singapore—GAP · not zero—
World Bank WDI SN.ITK.DEFC.ZS (FAO) · year not available · as_of 2026-09-06
Observation notes

GAP: WDI blank 2010–2025. FAO often <2.5% — leave empty (do not invent 2.5).

Original CSV value: not supplied.

Philippines highlighted. Bars start at zero; gaps have no bars. † identifies older observations.

Agriculture value added

Economic structure, not household food access. Singapore’s small supplied value remains visible numerically; Timor-Leste uses 2024.

% of GDP

National accounts / FAO via WDI · MIXED VINTAGES

SEA-11 · Singapore is regional context, outside the peer five. Each panel retains its own definition and observation years. Scales stay fixed when filtering.

Agriculture value added: source, year and as_of by country
Country% of GDP
0100
YearSource & notes
MyanmarConflict / reporting caveat25.302025
World Bank WDI NV.AGR.TOTL.ZS (FAO/national accounts via WDI) · year 2025 · as_of 2026-09-06
Observation notes

Aligned with data/growth_engines/indicators.csv agr_pct_gdp (API-verified 2026-09-06).

Original CSV value: 25.3.

Timor-Leste20.20†2024 · OLDER
World Bank WDI NV.AGR.TOTL.ZS (FAO/national accounts via WDI) · year 2024 · as_of 2026-09-06
Observation notes

Latest WDI year 2024 (others 2025). Aligned with growth_engines.

Original CSV value: 20.2.

Laos16.602025
World Bank WDI NV.AGR.TOTL.ZS (FAO/national accounts via WDI) · year 2025 · as_of 2026-09-06
Observation notes

Aligned with data/growth_engines/indicators.csv agr_pct_gdp (API-verified 2026-09-06).

Original CSV value: 16.6.

Cambodia16.102025
World Bank WDI NV.AGR.TOTL.ZS (FAO/national accounts via WDI) · year 2025 · as_of 2026-09-06
Observation notes

Aligned with data/growth_engines/indicators.csv agr_pct_gdp (API-verified 2026-09-06).

Original CSV value: 16.1.

Indonesia13.102025
World Bank WDI NV.AGR.TOTL.ZS (FAO/national accounts via WDI) · year 2025 · as_of 2026-09-06
Observation notes

Aligned with data/growth_engines/indicators.csv agr_pct_gdp (API-verified 2026-09-06).

Original CSV value: 13.1.

Vietnam11.602025
World Bank WDI NV.AGR.TOTL.ZS (FAO/national accounts via WDI) · year 2025 · as_of 2026-09-06
Observation notes

Aligned with data/growth_engines/indicators.csv agr_pct_gdp (API-verified 2026-09-06).

Original CSV value: 11.6.

Thailand8.702025
World Bank WDI NV.AGR.TOTL.ZS (FAO/national accounts via WDI) · year 2025 · as_of 2026-09-06
Observation notes

Aligned with data/growth_engines/indicators.csv agr_pct_gdp (API-verified 2026-09-06).

Original CSV value: 8.7.

Philippines8.602025
World Bank WDI NV.AGR.TOTL.ZS (FAO/national accounts via WDI) · year 2025 · as_of 2026-09-06
Observation notes

Aligned with data/growth_engines/indicators.csv agr_pct_gdp (API-verified 2026-09-06).

Original CSV value: 8.6.

Malaysia8.202025
World Bank WDI NV.AGR.TOTL.ZS (FAO/national accounts via WDI) · year 2025 · as_of 2026-09-06
Observation notes

Aligned with data/growth_engines/indicators.csv agr_pct_gdp (API-verified 2026-09-06).

Original CSV value: 8.2.

Brunei1.202025
World Bank WDI NV.AGR.TOTL.ZS (FAO/national accounts via WDI) · year 2025 · as_of 2026-09-06
Observation notes

Aligned with data/growth_engines/indicators.csv agr_pct_gdp (API-verified 2026-09-06).

Original CSV value: 1.2.

Singapore0.022025
World Bank WDI NV.AGR.TOTL.ZS (FAO/national accounts via WDI) · year 2025 · as_of 2026-09-06
Observation notes

City-state near-zero agr VA; aligned with growth_engines/indicators.csv (WDI 0.0246→0.02).

Original CSV value: 0.02.

Philippines highlighted. Bars start at zero; gaps have no bars. † identifies older observations.

Key findings from this pack

  • The Philippine PoU estimate is low while FIES food insecurity affects about a third of the population; the measures answer different questions.
  • Vietnam and Indonesia lead the supplied cereal yields; Singapore has a gap.
  • Laos has the highest agricultural employment share and a missing PoU observation.
  • Timor-Leste’s FIES reading is older; absent observations are never replaced with zeros or threshold estimates.

Methods & coverage

Food access and dietary energy

FAO prevalence of undernourishment (PoU) is a dietary-energy model. Moderate or severe food insecurity (FIES) is an experience-scale survey. Their denominators may both be population, but their constructs differ: they are never combined into one ranking. Brunei, Laos and Singapore have PoU gaps; Brunei has a FIES gap. A “less than” threshold is not an exact value to substitute into the CSV.

Farm structure and mixed vintages

Agricultural employment is the modelled ILO series via WDI, not a mixture of official national labour-force estimates. Employment is 2025; value added is mostly 2025, with Timor-Leste 2024. Cereal yields are mostly 2023, with Laos and Myanmar 2024. Food measures are mostly 2023, while Timor-Leste FIES is †2021. Source, observation year and as_of are retained on every row.

Coverage and denominators

Cereal yield covers all cereals, not rice alone; Singapore has no observation. Small agricultural shares are not missing values. Fertiliser remains in the downloadable pack but is omitted from the charts: Malaysia’s extreme value reflects the arable-land denominator amid plantation and perennial crops, rather than a comparable intensity measure.

Original gaps & caveats · Pack definitions · Source provenance

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ASEAN in Data (2026). Agriculture & food. /topics/agriculture-food

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